architectural engineering design i
System Description/Analysis

Each of these units has a heat recovery wheel that is utilized to reutilized exhausted thermal energy. Exhaust air from the bathrooms are used for heat recovery, whereas kitchen and dryer air is not due to code restrictions. The rotary heat exchanger consists of a circular honeycomb matrix of heat absorbing material, which is slowly rotated within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air-handling system, as depicted by Figure 2. As the thermal wheel rotates, heat is picked up from the exhaust air stream in one of the rotation and given up to the fresh air stream in the other half of the rotation. Waste heat energy from the exhaust air stream is transferred to the matrix material and then from the matrix material to the fresh air stream, raising the temperature of the supply air stream proportional to the thermal gradient.

The mechanical HVAC systems are comprised of two separate systems that peform independenly from one another. There are five separate air-handling units located on the various roof elevations. Four of the air handlers serve the residential space; the riser diagram below highlights the units in green.
The fifth air handler is located on the loading dock and serves the kitchen in the dining area.
They are AAON-RN series rooftop units and are packaged direct expansion (DX) with gas heat, enabling it to operate independently from the rest of the system. The air-handling unit is a large box type unit that comprises of the evaporator (cooling coil) where it cools that air that enters the room to be conditioning, Figure 1 provides a schematic of the unit. A blower enables absorption of hot return air and passes it through the filters and then over the cooling coil. Direct expansion systems run more efficiently at higher loads. Therefore, it is applicable in this large volume multi-use building (residential and retail). Its construction involves a two inch double wall rigid polyuethane foam panel cabinent with a thermal resistant of R-13. Panels inlude a
FIGURE 1: AAON RN SERIES ROOFTOP UNIT SCHEMATIC
thermal break, with no metal contact from inside to outside, to prevent heat transfer through the panel and prevent condensation on the outside. The inner wall protects the insulation from moisture damage and microbial growth. This type of construction makes the unit rigid, resistant to damage, provides increased sound dampening, and reduces air leakage and infiltration. Coated with polyuethane paint, it is corrosion resistant. These units have a a direct drive backwad curved plenum supply fans utilize rubber isolation mounts allows the units to be quieter, more efficient, and require less maintenance than belt driven fans. It utilizes R-410A scroll compressors, and a dimpled heat exchangerwith no internal turbulator, which can corrode over time. This type of heat exchanger provides energy efficient heat transfer. The different units have vaious capacities to meet the specific loads of the space it serves. They act as make-up air units (MUA) that only serve the corridors, trash rooms, and bathrooms. These units operate as part of the ventilation system by introducing outside air to these three types of zones as required by ASHRAE indoor-air quality codes. The units are designed to cool entering air temperature (EAT) at 95F in the summer and to heat EAT of 10F during the winter with a cooling and heating coil. However, the dwelling space of the residential apartment units utilizes natural ventilation. Code requirements says that if there are enough operable windows there is no requirement to mechanically introduce outside air. Integrated into the make-up air units are exhaust fans that run continuously so that bathrooms and trash rooms are constantly under negative pressure. This eliminates the requirement for small fans in each bathroom.
FIGURE 2: HEAT RECOVERY WHEEL DIAGRAM

FIGURE 3: VERTICAL STACK HEAT PUMP DIAGRAM

FIGURE 4: HORIZONTAL HEAT PUMP DIAGRAM
Individual apartment units are heated and cooled by a MCQUAY WVHC series vertical water source heat pumps (Figure 3), whereas retail space utilize MCQUAY WCCH series horizontal heat pumps (Figure 4) to be concealed in the ceiling plenum. Heat pumps transfer thermal energy opposite to the direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. They are comprised an evaporator, compressor, and condenser. The type of heat pump utilized in this application is of the water source variety, and are tied to the condenser water loop. The loop connects to a rooftop cooling tower and five hot water boilers. The advantage of this is if half of the heat pumps are in cooling and half is in heating, the tower and boilers will not needed. However, if they are all heating or all cooling, then the penthouse equipment will need to be used. This type of system is intended to cut down energy consumption that would be utilized by the boiler and cooling tower.
The components of the heat pump is enclosed in a cabinet made of gauge galvanized steel for durability. Removable access panels on both ends and sides provide easy access to compressor compartment, blower and motor. End panel provide easy access to unit controls. Inside is a fan separated from the compressor section with an insulated divider panel for maximum sound attenuation. Blower motor is a multi-speed permanent split capacitor motor (PSC) making it compact and easy to maintain. This type of motor makes the unit highly efficient and has a high power factor. It also offers smooth acceleration and has a run winding and a start winding with a capacitor connected in series. This allows both windings to energize when the motor is started and running, therefore not switch is required to switch any component out of the circuit.
When in heating mode, the reversing valve directs the flow of the refrigerant, a hot gas, from the compressor to the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger coil. There, the heat is removed by the air passing over the surfaces of the coil and the hot gas condenses and becomes a liquid. The liquid then flows through a thermal expansion valve to the water-to refrigerant heat exchange. The liquid then evaporates and becomes a gas, as the same time absorbing heat and cooling the water. The refrigerant then flows as a low pressure gas through the reversing valve and back to the suction side of the compressor to the complete the cycle. This process is illustrated in Figure 6.


There are heat exchangers separating the cooling tower loop from the condenser water loop. The heat exchanger are simply metal plates that move heat from one side to the other. Its purpose is to separate the loops. In this case, the cooling tower is an open loop system, meaning the water is exposed to the air (going over the cooling tower fill and into the basin), the condenser water loop is a closed loop system, meaning the water is never exposed to the air. Each heat pump has a set of three pipes; a supply, return, and condensate pipe. The condensate water is either dumped into the closes drain or to the below grade cistern. The riser diagam below indicates the supply water in solid blue, whereas the return water is in a dashed blue color. The condensate water line is highlighted is indicated as green, the cooling tower is the blue "CT" shape, the heat exhangers are in orange, and four of the five boilers are indicated in red. The fifth boiler can be seen in the radiant floor riser diagram, Figure 7. This boiler is utilized to heat up the floor in the dining space.
When the thermostat calls for cooling, the reversing valve directs the flow of the refrigerant, a hot gas, from the compressor to the water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger. There, the heat is removed from the water, and the hot gas condenses to become a liquid. The liquid then flows through a thermal expansion valve to the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger coil. The liquid then evaporates and becomes a gas, at the same time absorbing heat and cooling the air passing over the surfaces of the coil. The refrigerant then flows as a low pressure gas through the reversing valve and back to the suction side of the compressor to complete the cycle. This process is illustrated in Figure 5.
FIGURE 5: HEAT PUMP SCHEMATIC IN COOLING MODE
FIGURE 6: HEAT PUMP SCHEMATIC IN HEATING MODE

SYSTEM 1: AIR HANDLING UNIT/MAKE-UP AIR UNIT
Description
Numeric Parameters
The supply airflows of each of the indivudal unit is provided below in Table 1. I can be seen tha the largest airflow is provided by MUA-5 at 23,330 CFM. This is largely due to the the type of space. ASHRAE requirements require a larger percentage of outside air to be supplied to a kitchen due to the particulates, VOC, and grease poduced when cooking. It can also be seen that the kitchen is not exhausted through the MUA-5. It requires an independently exhaust fan because the air cannot be reused by th heat recovery wheel due to code requiremens associated with grease. MUA-3 and MUA-4 serves the highrise portion of the residential space. Since this area is larger than the mid-rise and low-rise space it is apparent that its supply airflow will be greate than that of MUA-1 and MUA-2. Collectively the air handlers have a cooling capacity o 3,161.1 MBtu-h and a heating capacity of 1,011 MBtu-h. The heating capacity is must lower than the cooling capacity because even during the winter cooling is required due to equipment and occupant loads. (Clicking on the image will provide a expanded view of the table)
TABLE 1: ROOF TOP AIR AIR HANDLING UNIT/MAKE-UP AIR UNIT SCHEDULE
SYSTEM 2: HEAT PUMPS + COOLING TOWER + BOILER + RADIANT FLOOR + CONDENSER WATER LOOP
Description


Numeric Parameters
The numeric parameters associatd with the cooling tower is provided in Table 2. It is rated to cool an entering water temperature (EWT) of 97F to a leaving water temperature of 85F. Additionally, it has a cooling capacity of 18,972 MBtu-h. Additionally, the boilers that heat the residential and retail space (B1-4) collectively have a net heating capacity of 9500 MBtu-h. It is obvious tha boile, B-5, that only serves the radiant floors in the dining area, is much lower at 144 Mbtu-h. There are 7 different size vertical stack water source heat pumps that are used to heat the residential apartment units. There varying size is due o the fact that there are various size apartment units; studio, 1 bedroom, 2 bedroom, etc. The heating and coolin capacities of these units is listed in Table 4. Similarly the heating and cooling capacities of the horizonal heat heat pumps are listed in Table 5. Referring to Table 6, each of the heat exchangers is able to transfer 9,468 MBtu-h of heat.



TABLE 2: COOLING TOWER SCHEDULE
TABLE 3: BOILER SCHEDULE
TABLE 4: VERTICAL STACK WATER SOUCE HEAT PUMP SCHEDULE
TABLE 5: HORIZONAL WATER SOUCE HEAT PUMP SCHEDULE
TABLE 6: HEAT EXCHANGER SCHEDULE

FIGURE 7: RADIANT FLOOR MECHANICAL DIAGRAM